Walters Ms. W.194, Book of Hours

W.194

Book of Hours

Book of Hours

This Flemish Book of Hours was produced between 1470 and 1480, possibly in Hainaut, by artists working in the style of French illuminator Simon Marmion, whose work has been recorded in northeastern France and Flanders between 1449 and 1489. The large number of feast days associated with Liège in the calendar further highlights the region of production. The book contains twelve full-page miniatures, of which five are rendered in color and seven in grisaille. The number of artists involved in the production of the full-page miniatures is disputed, ranging from two (see Legaré 1999 and Kren 2003 in the bibliography) to four (see Randall 1997). Legaré and Kren attribute the color and grisaille miniatures to the Master of Antoine Rolin and the St. Anthony miniature on fol. 102v, which was added slightly later, to a master follower of Simon Marmion. Randall identifies four artists: the first responsible for the Annunciation (fol. 22v); the remaining three color miniatures (not counting the added St. Anthony), were executed by a competent associate; a third artist produced the grisaille miniatures of the Infancy cycle; and a fourth, master artist created the color miniature of St. Anthony (fol. 102v), which was added later to the book, probably in the 1480s and Randall suggests possibly by Simon Marmion himself. The borders of the manuscript are undecorated, and the decoration of the initials in the text is routine.

Ca. 1470-80 CE

Hainaut (?)

Supplied name: Circle of Simon Marmion

Supplied name: Master of Antoine Rolin

Book

Devotional

The primary language in this manuscript is Latin.

Parchment

Very thin to medium-weight calf, carefully selected and prepared; occasional flaws and repairs at fore-edge; flyleaves and pastedowns show signs of wormhole damage

Foliation: i+116

Pencil foliation upper right corners, rectos; flyleaf i is ruled and bifoliate with front pastedown; fol. 116 (ruled) and endleaf used as pastedown are bifoliate

Formula: Quire 1: 6 (fols. 1-6); Quire 2: 6, with seventh folio added (fols. 7-13); Quire 3: 8, with fifth folio added (fols. 14-22); Quire 4: 8 (fols. 23-30); Quire 5: 8, with ninth folio added (fols. 31-39); Quire 6: 8, with fourth and ninth folios added (fols. 40-49); Quire 7: 8, with third and seventh folios added (fols. 50-59); Quire 8: 8, with first folio added (fols. 60-68); Quire 9: 8, with third folio added (fols. 69-77); Quires 10-12: 8 (fols. 78-101); Quire 13: 2, with first folio added (fols. 102-104); Quire 14: 8 (fols. 105-112); Quire 15: 6, including back pastedown (fols. 113-118)

Catchwords: Catchwords located at end of each quire, written vertically toward the bottom of inside border; fols. 30v and 39v are in dark-brown ink, littera batarda script; remaining catchwords are in light-brown ink, either littera batarda or cursive script

Comments: Miniature of St. Anthony and bifolium added after fol. 101; thickness of the second leaf of the fourteenth quire, which features a catchword, is unexplained; quire 15 includes back pastedown

11.8 cm wide by 17.1 cm high

5.9 cm wide by 8.7 cm high

1. Columns: 1
2. Ruled lines: 15-17
3. Written surface of Calendar is 6.0 x 8.8 cm

fols. 1r - 116v:

1. Title: Book of Hours
2. Hand note: Littera batarda
3. Decoration note: Twelve full-page miniatures by two or possibly four artists; five miniatures in full color, seven in grisaille, most inserted as singletons except fols. 22 and 66 and fol. 102, which is part of a bifolium; undecorated margins; fourteen decorated incipit initials (3 lines) with gold letters against dark blue background, the center of the letters filled with marbled ornament, a personal monogram, or a coat of arms; decorated initials marking secondary text divisions (2 lines) are light blue and white against gold background; versals in gilded letters against alternating rose-yellow and dark blue background; rubrics and major feast days in red; text in brown ink

fols. 1r - 12v:

1. Title: Calendar
2. Rubric: Januarius habet dies xxxi. et luna xxx.
3. Contents: Calendar one third to one quarter full; graded in red and brown; contains large number of feasts associated with Liège: Severinus (Jan. 8), Anthony (Jan. 17), Aldegund (Jan. 30), Ignatius (Feb. 1), Sebastian (Feb. 8), Simeon (Feb. 19), Adrian (Mar. 4), Victorinus (Apr. 19), Quintinus (May 2), Crown of Thorns (May 4), Servatius (May 13), Sophia (May 15), Joanna (May 24), Anthony of Padua (June 13), Germanus (June 19), Daniel (July 8), Arnulph (Aug. 16), Louis of France (Aug. 25), Vincent (Sept. 15), Lambert (Sept. 17), Firminus (Sept. 25), Remigius (Oct. 1), Fides (Oct. 7), Quintinus (Oct. 31), All Saints (Nov. 1), All Souls (Nov. 2), Hubert (Nov. 3), Leonard (Nov. 6), Lazarus (Dec. 17)
4. Decoration note: "KL" in light blue with white accents against gold ground

fols. 13v - 17v:

1. Title: Hours of the Cross
2. Rubric: Hore sancte crucis. Ad. Matutinas.
3. Incipit: Domine labia mea aperies
4. Decoration note: Full-page miniature on fol. 13v; decorated initial with "AM" monogram on fol. 14r

fols. 18v - 22v:

1. Title: Hours of the Holy Spirit
2. Rubric: Hore de sancto spiritu. Ad matutinas.
3. Incipit: Domine labia mea aperies
4. Decoration note: Full-page miniature on fol. 18v; decorated initial with "AM" monogram on fol. 19r

fols. 22v - 70v:

1. Title: Hours of the Virgin
2. Rubric: Hore virginie marie laudes matutinas.
3. Incipit: Domine labia mea aperies
4. Decoration note: Full-page miniatures on fols. 22v, 33v, 43v, 48v, 52v, 56v, 60v, and 66v; decorated initials with coats of arms on fols. 23r and 67r

fols. 71v - 101v:

1. Title: Seven Penitential Psalms and Litany
2. Incipit: Domine ne in furore tuo arguas me
3. Contents: Heading reads "septem psalmes" and was written by a later hand in brown ink and cursive script; litany reflects Dominican, South Netherlandish, Liège associations with a number of female saints: sixteen disciples/innocents from Peter to Barnabas; thirteen martyrs, namely Stephen, Clement, Cornelius, Cyprian, Lawrence, Vincent, Dionysius, Maurice, Sebastian, Thomas Becket, Lambert, Peter Martyr (Dominican), and Quintinus; nineteen confessors, including seven popes, Dominic, Thomas Aquinas (Dominican), Vincent, Francis, Jerome, Benedict, Anthony of Padua (Franciscan), Bernard, Louis (of France or Toulouse, the latter Franciscan), Leonard, Hubert, Ivo; sixteen virgins, namely Anne, Mary Magdalene, Martha, Felicitas, Perpetua, Agatha, Agnes, Lucy, Cecilia, Catherine, Margaret, Barbara, Geneviève, Winifred, Gertrude, Joanna
4. Decoration note: Full-page miniature on fol. 71v; decorated initial with "AM" monogram on fol. 72r

fols. 102v - 116v:

1. Title: Suffrages
2. Rubric: De sancto anthonio. Anthyphona.
3. Incipit: Salve pater
4. Contents: Suffrages for SS. Anthony, John the Baptist, All Apostles, Lambert, Lawrence, Adrian, Sebastian, Anthony, Hubert, Nicholas, Mary Magdalene, Catherine, Barbara, Apollonia, Margaret; All Saints; Communion Prayers; fols. 115r-116v left blank but ruled
5. Decoration note: Full-page miniature on fol. 102v

fol. 13v:

1. 
2. Title: Crucifixion
3. Form: Full-page miniature
4. Text: Hours of the Cross: Matins

fol. 14r:

1. 
2. Title: Decorated initial "D" with "AM" monogram
3. Form: Decorated initial "D," 3 lines
4. Text: Hours of the Cross: Matins

fol. 18v:

1. 
2. Title: Pentecost
3. Form: Full-page miniature
4. Text: Hours of the Holy Spirit: Matins

fol. 19r:

1. 
2. Title: Decorated initial "D" with "AM" monogram
3. Form: Decorated initial "D," 3 lines
4. Text: Hours of the Holy Spirit: Matins

fol. 22v:

1. 
2. Title: Annunciation
3. Form: Full-page miniature
4. Text: Hours of the Virgin: Matins

fol. 23r:

1. 
2. Title: Decorated initial "D" with coat of arms
3. Form: Decorated initial "D," 3 lines
4. Text: Hours of the Virgin: Matins

fol. 33v:

1. 
2. Title: Visitation
3. Form: Full-page miniature
4. Text: Hours of the Virgin: Lauds

fol. 43v:

1. 
2. Title: Nativity
3. Form: Full-page miniature
4. Text: Hours of the Virgin: Prime

fol. 48v:

1. 
2. Title: Annunciation to the Shepherds
3. Form: Full-page miniature
4. Text: Hours of the Virgin: Terce

fol. 52v:

1. 
2. Title: Adoration of the Magi
3. Form: Full-page miniature
4. Text: Hours of the Virgin: Sext

fol. 56v:

1. 
2. Title: Presentation in the Temple
3. Form: Full-page miniature
4. Text: Hours of the Virgin: None

fol. 60v:

1. 
2. Title: Flight into Egypt
3. Form: Full-page miniature
4. Text: Hours of the Virgin: Vespers

fol. 66v:

1. 
2. Title: Massacre of the Innocents
3. Form: Full-page miniature
4. Text: Hours of the Virgin: Compline

fol. 67r:

1. 
2. Title: Decorated initial "D" with coat of arms
3. Form: Decorated initial "D," 3 lines
4. Text: Hours of the Virgin: Compline

fol. 71v:

1. 
2. Title: King David penitent
3. Form: Full-page miniature
4. Text: Seven Penitential Psalms

fol. 72r:

1. 
2. Title: Decorated initial "D" with "AM" monogram
3. Form: Decorated initial "D," 3 lines
4. Text: Seven Penitential Psalms

fol. 102v:

1. 
2. Title: St. Anthony
3. Form: Full-page miniature
4. Text: Suffrage to St. Anthony

The binding is original.

Brown calfskin over wooden boards (probably oak) with wide, shallow exterior chamfer and tongue corners; re-backed and re-edged at fore-corners ca. 1900; sewn on five slit-tawed straps; covers tooled in blind, four-fillet double frame filled by intersecting four-fillet lines that create lozenges and triangles with five-point stars in each; endbands are of pink silk with an edge-bead around a cord (?) core and are contemporary with the re-backing; edges are undecorated; single catch-and-clasp fastening originally centered at the fore-edge, but holes have been patched

Made in Flanders, possibly Hainaut, ca. 1470-80, for unidentified liturgical use in the style of Simon Marmion; St. Anthony miniature on fol. 102v added early, possibly in 1480s

First owner likely affiliated with Liège and interested in Dominican order, based on feast days associated with the city and order in the calendar; monogram "AM" within decorated initials on fols. 14r, 19r, and 72r, possibly referring to Antoine Rolin (ca. 1424-1497) and Marie d'Ailly (d. 1498)

Armorial shields within decorated initials on fols. 23r and 67r; either altered or added early

Wilhelmus (Guillaume) Godefroy of Liège (late fifteenth or sixteenth century) and his heirs; personal notations include "Che livre appartient / Wilh' Godefroy escheuin de liege" on front flyleaf and "guilleame de..." on fol. 52r; added later, presumably by an heir, is eleven-line inscription in French on the front flyleaf, with references to family members, including an heir of Guillaume Godefroy

Léon Gruel, Paris, bookbinder and bookseller, late nineteenth or early twentieth century; bookplate on front pastedown features initials "L G"

Henry Walters, Baltimore, purchased book from Léon Gruel between 1895 and 1931

Walters Art Museum, 1931, by Henry Walters' bequest

De Ricci, S., and W. J. Wilson. Census of Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts in the United States and Canada. Vol. 1. New York: H. W. Wilson Company, 1935; p. 800, no. 277.

Bowles, E. A. "A Checklist of Musical Instruments in Fifteenth-Century Illuminated Manuscripts at the Walters Art Gallery." Quarterly Journal of the Music Library Association 32, no. 4 (1976): 719-726; pp. 722-723.

Owens, M. B. "Musical Subjects in the Illumination of Books of Hours from Fifteenth-Century France and Flanders." 2 vols. Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1987; pp. 399-400, fig. 12 (fol. 22v); vol. 2, cat. no. 114.

Randall, Lilian M. C. Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts in the Walters Art Gallery. Vol. 3, Belgium, 1250-1530. Part 2. Baltimore, London: Johns Hopkins University Press in association with the Walters Art Gallery, 1997; pp. 381-387, cat. no. 275.

Legaré, Anne-Marie. "La pentecôte sous un porche: Architecture et enluminure dans les provinces du Nord." In Pierre, lumière, couleur: Études d'histoire de l'art du moyen âge en l'honneur d'Anne Prache. Edited by Fabienne Joubert and Dany Sandron. Paris: Presses de l'université de Paris, Sorbonne, 1999; pp. 441-455 (p. 450).

Melis, Tine. "Book of Hours." In Medieval Mastery: Book Illumination from Charlemagne to Charles the Bold, 800-1475. Edited by William Noel and Lee Preedy. Leuven: Brepols, 2002; pp. 318-319, cat. no. 88.

Noel, William. "Books in the Home: Psalters and Books of Hours." In Medieval Mastery: Book Illumination from Charlemagne to Charles the Bold (800-1475). Edited by William Noel and Lee Preedy, 57-67. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2002; p. 64, 65 (fig. 12).

Kren, Thomas. "Follower of Simon Marmion and Master of Antoine Rolin: Book of Hours." In Illustrating the Renaissance: The Triumph of Flemish Manuscript Painting in Europe. Edited by Thomas Kren and Scot McKendrick. Los Angeles, London: The J. Paul Getty Museum and Royal Academy of Arts, 2003; pp. 334-335, cat. no. 94.

Dekeyzer, Brigitte. Layers of Illusion: The Mayer van den Burgh Breviary. Antwerp: Ludion, 2004; p. 188 (n. 97).

Vanwijnsberghe, Dominique. "Moult bons et notables": l'enluminure tournaisienne à l'époque de Robert Campin (1380-1430). Leuven: Peeters, 2007; p. 55.

Principal cataloger: Randall, Lilian M.C.

Cataloger: Dennis, Nathan S

Editor: Herbert, Lynley

Copy editor: Dibble, Charles

Conservators: Owen, Linda; Quandt, Abigail

Contributors: Dennis, Nathan S; Emery, Doug; Herbold, Rebekah; Schuele, Allyson; Tabritha, Ariel; Toth, Michael B.; Wiegand, Kimber

The Walters Art Museum

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