Walters Ms. W.166, Book of Hours of Daniel Rym

W.166

Book of Hours of Daniel Rym

Book of Hours

This richly illuminated Book of Hours was created ca. 1420-30 for Elizabeth van Munte and her husband Daniel Rym. The couple is represented throughout the manuscript in a number of ways. Rym's heraldic shield is held by a dragon on fol. 42r, while van Munte's heraldry is found on fol. 18r. Both are also depicted in donor portraits, with van Munte kneeling on fol. 62r and Daniel Rym kneeling before his namesake, St. Daniel, on fol. 168v. Made for personal use, this exquisite Book of Hours begins each hour with a full-page miniature. Gold is widely used in the illumination, and drolleries throughout the book depict playful figures and hybrids engaging in a variety of activities, such as reading texts, kneeling in devotion, playing with or climbing the foliate fillet of the initials, or emerging from large flowers. Especially touching is a sweet couple embracing on the folio facing the Deposition and the Veronica (fol. 118r).

Ca. 1420-1430 CE

Flanders (Ghent?)

Authority name: Master of Guillebert de Mets, fl. 1410-45

Book

Devotional

The primary language in this manuscript is Latin. The secondary language of this manuscript is Dutch; Flemish.

Parchment

Thin to medium-weight parchment, heavier parchment used for some folios with illuminations; parchment darkened from use; gilded fore-edge

Foliation: v+186+v

Three paper and two parchment flyleaves at the beginning and end of the manuscript; modern pencil foliation, upper right corners rectos

Formula: Quire 1: 8, with first folio added (fols. 1-9); Quires 2-4: 8 (fols. 10-33); Quire 5: 8, with eighth folio added (fols. 34-42); Quires 6-7: 8 (fols. 43-58); Quire 8: 8, with third folio added (59-67); Quires 9-12: 8 (fols. 68-99); Quire 13: 6, with seventh folio added (fols. 100-107); Quire 14: 2, with second folio added (fols. 108-110); Quire 15: 6, with second, fourth, sixth, and eighth folios added (fols. 110-119); Quire 16: 8, with first folio missing and first folio added (fols. 120-128); Quires 17-19: 8 (fols. 129-152); Quire 20: 8, with sixth folio added (fols. 153-160); Quire 21: 8, with first, fifth, and eighth folios added (fols. 161-171); Quire 22: 8 (fols. 172-179); Quire 23: 8, with eighth folio cancelled (fols. 180-186)

Catchwords: Catchwords in brown ink

Signatures: Quire numbers in modern pencil "1" to "23" centered on the first folio recto of each quire

Comments:

13.3 cm wide by 16.7 cm high

6.2 cm wide by 9.1 cm high

1. Columns: 1
2. Ruled lines: 16-18

fols. 1v - 183v:

1. Title: Book of Hours
2. Hand note: Written in textura
3. Decoration note: Thirteen extant full-page miniatures at the beginnings of each hour; one historiated initial (6 lines); drolleries throughout; illuminated borders periodically; large gold initials (6-8 lines) for major text divisions; small gold initials (2 lines) for minor divisions; line fillers mainly in litany; rubrics in red; text in brown to black ink (varies); instructions to rubricator often extant in side margins, e.g., on fols. 103v-105r and fol. 139r

fols. 1v - 40v:

1. Title: Hours of the Virgin
2. Incipit: Domine labia mea
3. Contents: Use is composite of Bruges, Arras, and Cambrai (very close to that found in W.169)
4. Decoration note: One full-page miniature on fol. 1v

fols. 40v - 60r:

1. Title: Seven Penitential Psalms
2. Rubric: Hier naer volghen de .vii. penitentiale salmen.
3. Incipit: Domine ne in furore
4. Contents: Heading on fol. 40v in Dutch; fols. 51v-54r: litany in Latin; regional saints of southern Dutch origin; sixteen apostles/evangelists from Peter through Barnabas; fourteen martyrs, including Cornelius, John the Evangelist, Vincent, Lambert; fifteen confessors, including Autbert, Anthony, Benedict, Bernard, Germanus, Rumold, Eligius, Aegydius; fifteen virgins/widows/"continentes," including Mary Magdalene, Felicitas, Euphemia, Gudula ("Gudila"), Gertrude, Geneviève, Catherine, Anne; fols. 54r-55v: petitions, invocations; fols. 55v-58v: four collects; fols. 57r-60r: devotional sequence in Latin with intermittent Dutch elements; begins with Mass of the Virgin, second prayer for female suppliant; fol 59r: cue to Gospel of St. John; fols. 59r-60r: hymn in Latin with Dutch heading; antiphon, versicle, collect follows
5. Decoration note: One full-page miniature on fol. 41v; one historiated initial on fol. 42r

fols. 61r - 105v:

1. Title: Devotional Sequence
2. Rubric: So wie dese naeruolghende bedinghe daghelix leest met devocien inde eere der heligher maghet marien hi wint .C. daghe pardoens van den paeus Innocentius. ende hi sal weten den zekeren dach des huutgaens siere zielen. dit was gheopenbaert eenre heligher nonnen die lach in groter crancheden ende werter mede behouden
3. Incipit: Et introito ad altare Dei
4. Contents: Fols. 62-105v: devotional sequence in Latin and Dutch; mentions of John the Evangelist emphasized by "I" that is stroked in red; fols. 62r-66r: Obsecro te in Dutch, heading specifies reward for daily devout reading as not only 100 days of pardons granted by an unspecified Pope Innocent, but also prescience of the day of one's death as revealed to a seriously ill nun: "So wie dese naeruolghende bedinghe daghelix leest met devocien inde eere der heligher maghet marien hi wint .C. daghe pardoens van den paeus Innocentius. ende hi sal weten den zakeren dach des huutgaens siere zielen. dit was gheopenbaert eenre heligher nonnen die lach in groter crancheden ende werter mede behouden. Ic bidde di maria helege moeder ons heeren maghet van goedertiereden dochter des uppers coninx . . . dit was .obsecro."; fols. 66r-68v: O intemerata in Netherlandic, termed "vlaemsche" in heading; fols. 68v-70r: Prayer to the Virgin, rhyming, followed by versicle and collect to Christ beseeching intercession of Virgin; fols. 70v-72r: Prayer on Sorrow of the Virgin by the Cross, rhyming; versicle, prayer to Christ; heading instructs devout reading for yield of four years and four "carenas" of Indulgence granted by unspecified Pope Boniface: "So wie dese naeruolgende oratie leest met devocien sal ontfaen. iiii. iaer ende .iiii. carine aflaets van allen sinen sonden ghecomfirmeer van den paeus bonefacis. beghint aldus."; fols. 72r-74r: Prayer to the Virgin, rhyming; fols. 74r-75r: Prayer to the Virgin, versicle, prayer to God; fols. 75r-76r: Seven Joys of the Virgin, each ending "ave maria."; versicle, collect; fols. 76r-82r: Prayer to the Virgin, prefatory heading denotes a yield of Indulgence for 400 days and a "quadragena," said to have been granted by Pope Innocent V (Jan. 21-Jun. 22, 1276); in addition, promise of grant of special wish requested of the Virgin and her appearance three days before death to those who are confessed and recite this prayer for 30 consecutive days; versicle, prayer to God: "De paeus Innocentius de viffste heeft ghecomfirmeert ende ghegheuen allen den ghenen die dese naeruloghende oratie devotelike sullen lesen. ende else dicwile als hise lesen .CCCC. daghe achterganc alle daghe eens lase sijnde welghebiecht ende nuchteren omme wat dinghe dat hi onser liever urouwen bidt day sal suhem uerleenen. ende daer toe so sal su haer hem uetoeghen drie daghe voer sine doot. ende beghint aldus. domina sancta."; fols. 82v-91r: Three prayers to the Virgin, prayer to the Holy Spirit; prefatory heading specifies 100 days of Indulgence granted by an unspecified Pope Innocent, also knowledge of day of one's death through revelation of Virgin; opening text in Netherlandish recounts miraculous appearance of the virgin to an abbess: "Dese devote bedinghe van onser vrouwen maecte de paeus Innocentius ende gaf daer toe ghenaden ende aflaets alre sonden. ende so wie diese seghet met devotien ende met zuuerheden uan herten sal hebben .C. daghe pardoens alsoe dicwile als hise seghet. Ende voort so sal hij weten sinen natureliken steerf dach van marien. want so sal haer hem openbaren in die hure ende wile uan sijnre doot."; fols. 91r-99r: six prayers to the Virgin or concerning her, termed psalms ("salmen") in prefatory heading that promise fulfillment of request of one's prayer and cleansing from sin by daily recitation before an image of the Virgin while devoutly kneeling: "Dit salem segghen daghelix voor eene beelde uan marien met devocien ouer uwe knien ende uwe bede die suldi ghecringhen ende wacht hu uoort wan sonden. ende secht devotelike aldus. Ic bidde di helighe maria moeder ihesu christi eeweghe ende werdeghe maghet boven allen maechden . . . pater noster ave maria mine ziele maecet. Mine ziele maecte groet den heere ende minen gheest uerblijdte in gode . . . oratie. Ic bidde hu maria helighe maghet moeder ons heeren ihesu christi goedertiere ende werde maghet . . . pater noster . . . Ic bidde di maria moeder ons heeren ihesu christi goedertiere ende eeweghe werdeghe maghet . . . pater noster . . . Ic bidde di helighe maria moeder ons heeren ihesu christi goedertiere ende erweghe werdighe maghet bi der seluer . . . pater noster . . . Ic bidde hij helighe maria moeder ons heeren ihesu christi goedertiere end eeweghe maghet bi der bliscap . . . pater noster . . . God groute di coninghinne der ontfaermicheit een leuen ende eene soeticheit. . . ."; fols. 99r-100v: Salutations to the Virgin; fols. 100v-103v: Five Sorrows of the Virgin, in Dutch, set forth as account of a vision St. John the Evangelist, whose soul was transported to heaven and witnessed Christ's question to the Virgin as to her five great sorrows, also Christ's promise of various rewards to those reciting a Pater Noster daily on each of the Five Sorrows; the soul of St. John returned to earth and re-entered his body, whereupon he communicated this prayer to the daughter of a king who secretly left her father and friends for a spiritual life: "Doe onse vrouwe versceeden was ende te hemele was ghevaren. doe beghende mijn heere sente Jan te wetene. . . ."; fols. 103v-105v: Apostles' Salutation to the Virgin, rhyming; 1-12 headed by rubricated apostle's name in Dutch, namely Peter, Paul, Andrew, James the Greater, Thomas, James the Lesser, Philip, Bartholomew, Matthew, Simon, Jude ("tadeus"): "Groutenesse vanden apostolen tote onservrouwenende beghint aldijs s.' piet."; fols. 106r: offsets of some twenty circular and oval badges in five rows on blank recto of leaf illuminated on verso
5. Decoration note: One full-page miniature on fol. 61v

fols. 106v - 119v:

1. Title: Hours of the Passion
2. Rubric: Hiet beghinnen de .vii. gh[e]tiden van onsen heere. te mattentijde
3. Incipit: O soete Ihesus die bi nachte gheboren waert
4. Contents: Fols. 106r-108r: Hours of the Passion; in Dutch, lacking lauds
5. Decoration note: Full-page miniatures on fols. 106v, 109v, 111v, 113v, 115v, and 117v

fols. 120r - 157r:

1. Title: Devotional Sequence
2. Rubric: De paeus benedictus de .xii.ste heest ghegheuen elken die dese naeruolghende oratie devotelike leest inden dienst der messen alse vele daghe aflaets als onse heere adde wonden in sinen lichame. Summe xvm cccc. ende lx.
3. Incipit: Precor te piissime Domine Ihesu Xriste
4. Contents: Fols. 120r-157r: devotional sequence; in Latin and Dutch; fols. 120r-121r: Prayer to Christ commemorating his suffering on the Cross, preceded by rubricated grant of Indulgence attributed to Pope Benedict XII (1334-42) for those reading prayer devoutly during Mass, number of days of Indulgence equal to number of Christ's wounds specified in heading as 15,460: "De paeus benedictus de .xij.ste heeft ghegheuen elken die dese naeruolghende oratie devotelike leest inden dienst der messen alse vele daghe aflaets als onse heere adde wonden in sinen lichame. Summe xvm. ccc. ende.lx. Precor te piisime domine ihesu christe per illam caritatem qua tu celestis rex pendebas in cruce . . . ."; fols. 121r-v: Prayer to Christ: "oratie. Domine ihesu christe nexilium tuum sacratissime crucis adoro et deprecor . . . ."; fol. 121v: Prayer to God for protection against visible and invisible enemies, referring to the maiden save by St. George from the dragon: "O. s. d. qui deprecantium voces benigne exaudis maiestatem tuam suppliciter exoramus . . . ."; fols. 121v-124v: Seven Last Words of Christ, two prayers to Christ; fols. 125r-127r: Five prayers, the first two attributed to St. Augustine in headings, the first addressed to the Cross, the second to God-Father and Christ (citing female suppliant): "Dese bedinghe maecte sente augustijn in wat daghe datmense seghet de duuel en mach hem niet deeren. ende ne gheen mensche en mach hem letten. ende so way hi gode rechtelike bidt dat sal hi hem gheuen. ende als sine siele scheed huut sinen lichame so es quite uan der hellen. O crux gloriosa. O crux ammiranda. O lignum opreciosum. O admirabile signum per quod dyabolu est uictus . . . van s. augustine eene sonderlinghe oratie. Omnipotens et misericors pater et bone domine ihesu christe miserere michi peccatrici et da michi ueniam peccatorum meorum . . . ."; fols 127r-v: Three Communion prayers; fols. 127v-128v: Gospel Sequence of John (1: 1-14); fols. 129r-130r: Eight Verses of St. Bernard, invocations, prayer to God-Father citing female suppliant; several references to reading in heading filled with account of devil's claim to Bernard of Clairvaux that daily recitation of certain psalm verses would save a man's soul, prompting Bernard's daily recitation of the entire psalter until the devil revealed the identity of the verses for fear that more benefits might accrue to Bernard: "Men leest van sente bernaerde in sijn leuen day de viant seide dat hi conste. viii. versen uan den zoutere de welke wiese daghelix seide nemmermeer mochte werden uerdomt. ende doe sente bernaert dese veerse gheerne gheweten adde uerantworde hem de viant dat hise hem niet segghen en soude. doe seide sente bernaerd ic weet wel hoe icse weten sal want ic sal daghelix al gheel den souter huut lesen. doe dat de uiant hoorde dat hi so vele weldaden doen soude reueleerdise hem ende seide. Illumina oculos. Illumina oculos meos neunquam obdormiam in morte. . . . Domine exaudi orationem meam Et clamor meus. Oremus. O. s. d. qui ezechie regi iudee te cum lacrimis . . . concede michi famule tue . . . ."; fols. 130v-140r: Prayer to Five Wounds of Christ (right hand, left hand, right foot, left foot, crowned head), each text opens with Latin verse from Lord's prayer; heading specifies for devout reading, meditation, recitation: "Dese na ghescreuen bedinghe sultu lesen ter eeren den wonden ons heeren ihesu christi want hi die heeft verloest als de ghene diese met deuocien ende met rouwe uan haren sonden lesen dat eeweghe leuen. ende du suls tote elker wonden rusten ende bekennen sine minne ende dijn ghebrec. Ende du suls die stinkende uule wonden diere onghebetenden sonden toten ouervloyenden wonden one heeren ouer dinken. ende sughen daer huut die eelsame salve Die dine vule wonden heelen mach. Ende valt den hemelschen vader ten voeten ende spreect met deuocien. Pater noster. O uader ontfaemich ic harem ongheraect besondich meinsche danke dijnre naderliker trouwen . . . . Nu spreect ter rechter hant toe metten andachtegher begheerten. Pater noster qui es in celis sanctificetur nomen tuum. Ic arem sieke ghewonde meinsche vermane di ende danke der bitter smerten . . . ." (fol. 134r) Nu spreect toter luchtere hant. Pater adueniat renum tuum. O Vader ende heere hemelirijcs ende erderijcs ic arem snode creatuere danke di diere groter mimnen . . . (fol. 135r) nu spreect toten rechten voete. Pater. Fiat uoluntas tua. O soete uader ghetrouwe vrient. Ic arem ende onghelaten meinsche vermane di. ende danke di des oe[t]-moedichs ondergancs . . . . (fol. 136r) Nu spreect toten luchteren voete. Pater. sicut in celo & in terra. O minnelike vader ende ghetrouwe brudeghoem Ic aerme onghetrouwe dieerne . . . (fol. 137r) nu spreect toter doorstekender sijde. Pater. panem nostrum cotidianum da nobis hodie. O ghetrouwe uader ende alre liefs. Ic aerme snoede nootdorste creatuere vermane di des rikes verborgens . . . (fol. 139r) nu spreect toten ghecroenden hoofde. Pater et dimitte nobis debita nostra sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris. O uader ende coninc der eewegher eeren. Ic aerm onwerdich meinsche danke di uan dinen bitteren door wonden verseerden hoefde . . . . (fol. 140) Nu nighe di vooronsen heere ende spreect. Pater. Et ne nos inducas in temptationem. sed libera nos a malo Amen."; fols. 140v-143r: three prayers, to God-Father and to Christ, in Netherlandish, second one headed "oratie": "O milde ontfaermherteghe vader. Ic bekenne dat mijn menichfoudeghe ghebrec mi dicwille ghehindert heeft. . . . Heere nu begheere ic van gronde mire herten dat die leuende cracht. . . . Hemelsche ihesus kerst door die werddicheit uwer weerder glorieuser verrisenessen heere . . . ."; fols. 143v-146v: Five Communion prayers: Die dit hilde begheerlic alle daghe in der messen hi ontfinghe onsen heere gheestelic in sijnre sielen alsoe vulcommelike alse ne die priestere ontfaet inden sacramente des houtaers. Een helich man leert ons hoe wi begheerlic tons heeren tafele zelen gaen. . . . O heere heden so begheere ic te ontfane uwen ghebenediden lichame. . . . O heere heden begheric tonfane hu ghebenedide bloet. . . . Die neerenstelike messe wille horen die moet die uterste ghepeinsen. . . . O Almachtich god ic bidde hu bi uwer allere meester ontfaermicheden dat ghi mi vergheeft alle mine sonden. . . ."; fols. 146v-152r: Seven prayer to God-Father, Christ, "friends of God," narrative heading: "Dese bedinghe die hier naer cont hilt een man uan ordinentelken ghetide. ende hem was vergheuen sijn vagheuier. ende alle sine sonden. Ende hi sachvoer hem linden tgheselscap uan hemelrike ende loech tweewerf met groter bliscap ende in die siere doot gaf hem onse heeredat hi ghebeden adde. ende seide telken ghetide. lieue heere uader ihesus christus sone des leuens gods. Heere ic bidde hu ende vermane hu bi huwer ghoter houerdaet van minnen. . . . Ontfaemich god lieue heere also ghewaerlike alse ic gheloeue dat ghi daer sijt in dies priesters handen. . . . O heere ontfaermich god sceppere alre creaturen want du ontfaermich best van naturen. . . . Heere ic bidde hu dat ghi mi gheeft eene minnende herte. . . . O soete heere ihesus ic bidde hu heere dat ghi mi bistaet als vader in rechte. . . . Alle gods vriende die daer bouen sijt met gode in eweliker bliscepen. . . . Soete god heere ic bidde hu omme uwe ontfaermichede dat ghi mindert harer alre pine. . . ."; fols. 152r-153v: Prayer to Christ, said to yield 6,666 days of Indulgence: "Soe wie dit ghebet leset dat hier naer sal volghen hij sal hedden een legioen pardoens dats sesse dusentich vi. ondert ende sesse entsestich daghe aflaets van sinen sonden. Ic bidde du lieue heere ihesus christus door die groote minne die du hadts ten mensche waert. . . ."; fols. 153v-154r: Prayer to God-Father, "O heere uader ic ben hier voer hu gheknielt met groten sonden ben ic bevaen meer dan ic ghesegghen can. . . ."; fols. 154r-157r: Prayer to Christ with reference to the Virgin and Passion: "eene soete beghinghe uan onsen lieuen heere. Helich vleesch precieus ic heere hu. ende bidde hu dor die maghet sente marie die hou drouch .ix. maende. ende soeghde hu metter melc van haren bursten. . . ."

fols. 158v - 183v:

1. Title: Suffrages
2. Rubric: Van sente Janne Baptiste. Antiphona.
3. Incipit: Puer qui natus est
4. Contents: Fols. 158r-183v: Suffrages, Dutch heading leading to Latin antiphon unless otherwise noted; two sequences, selection indicates devotion to saints venerated in Ghent: 8 males saints (two single saints and three pairs), five female saints (all single, with two named Elizabeth, possible reference to owner or co-owner); eight male saints (six single saints with one pair) and six female saints (all single); two Suffrages to All Saints; female suppliant cited on fol. 161r; fols. 158r-159v: John Baptist and Peter; fols. 160r-163r: Christopher and Anthony, the former with antiphon for female suppliant, the latter with collect beseeching protection from plague for those memorizing Suffrage or carrying text on one's person; fols. 164r: John the Evangelist; fols. 165r-167r: Cornelius and Livin; fols. 168r-169v: Daniel; fols. 170r-171v: Catherine of Alexandria, 15 verses; fols. 171v-172v: Barbara, two antiphons; fols. 172v-173r: Elizabeth (termed in heading as "sente ians baptisten moedere," mother of St. John Baptist); fols. 173r-v: Elizabeth of Hungary, rhyming; fols. 173v-174r: St. Macarius (body interred in Ghent cathedral, venerated as patron against pestilence); fols. 174v-175r: Sebastian, protection against pestilence besought in collect; fols. 175v-176v: Adrian, rhyming, plea for protection against pestilence; fol. 176v: Ghislain and George, Suffrage to former followed instead of preceded by rubricated heading; fols. 177v-178r: Lawrence; fols. 178r-v: Michael; fols. 178v-179r: Eligius; fol. 179r: Margaret; fols. 179v-180r: Apollonia; fol. 180r: Aldegund (rare); fols. 180r-v: Agatha; fols. 180v-182r: Mary Magdalene, rhyming; fols. 182r-v: Wilgefortis ("sente ontcommere," rare); fols. 182v-183v: All Saints, two suffrages, closing formulas
5. Text note: Erasure on line below the last line of text, "me iaeer in maie" crudely written over erasure at a later time
6. Decoration note: Full-page miniatures on fols. 158v, 160v, 165v, and 168v

fol. 1v:

1. 
2. Title: Annunciation
3. Form: Full-page miniature
4. Text: Hours of the Virgin: Matins

fol. 41v:

1. 
2. Title: Last Judgment
3. Form: Full-page miniature
4. Text: Penitential Psalms

fol. 42r:

1. 
2. Title: Initial "D" with David praying
3. Form: Historiated initial "D," 6 lines
4. Text: Penitential Psalms: Psalm 6

fol. 61v:

1. 
2. Title: Virgin Lactans
3. Form: Full-page miniature
4. Text: Devotional Sequence: Prayer to the Virgin "Obsecro te" in Netherlandish

fol. 62r:

1. 
2. Title: Patron portrait of Elizabeth van Munte
3. Form: Marginal figure

fol. 106v:

1. 
2. Title: Betrayal and Arrest
3. Form: Full-page miniature
4. Text: Hours of the Passion: Matins

fol. 109v:

1. 
2. Title: Man of Sorrows
3. Form: Full-page miniature
4. Text: Hours of the Passion: Prime

fol. 111v:

1. 
2. Title: Flagellation
3. Form: Full-page miniature
4. Text: Hours of the Passion: Terce

fol. 113v:

1. 
2. Title: Christ carrying the Cross
3. Form: Full-page miniature
4. Text: Hours of the Passion: Sext

fol. 115v:

1. 
2. Title: Crucifixion
3. Form: Full-page miniature
4. Text: Hours of the Passion: None

fol. 117v:

1. 
2. Title: Deposition
3. Form: Full-page miniature
4. Text: Hours of the Passion: Vespers

fol. 158v:

1. 
2. Title: SS. John the Baptist and Peter
3. Form: Full-page miniature
4. Text: Suffrages

fol. 160v:

1. 
2. Title: SS. Christopher and Anthony
3. Form: Full-page miniature
4. Text: Suffrages

fol. 165v:

1. 
2. Title: SS. Cornelius and Livin
3. Form: Full-page miniature
4. Text: Suffrages

fol. 168v:

1. 
2. Title: St. Daniel in the lions' den revered by manuscript owner Daniel Rym
3. Form: Full-page miniature and donor portrait
4. Text: Suffrages
5. Comment:

   The scroll reads: "Sancte Daniel: ora pro nobis"

The binding is not original.

Upper and lower boards are inlaid with a fourteenth-century pink-stained tanned skin made in France or the Lower Rhine, which are set into a newer binding created in the late nineteenth or early twentieth-century by Léon Gruel in Paris; inlaid panels decorated with rectangular bars containing stamped griffins, lozenges, fleurs-de-lis, and three-tower citadels; two holes on front and back covers are evidence of former presence of fasteners; two edge-pin and clasp fasteners were probably provided by Gruel; clasps detached

Made in Ghent for Elizabeth van Munte and Daniel Rym ca. 1420-30; original owners identified by heraldic shields on fols. 18r and 42r; portraits of Daniel Rym on fol. 168v and of Elizabeth van Munte on fol. 62r

Léon Gruel, Paris, late nineteenth or early twentieth century; Gruel's stamp on descriptive slip

Henry Walters, Baltimore, purchased from Gruel between 1895 and 1931

Walters Art Museum, 1931, by Henry Walters' bequest

À Kempis, Thomas. Imitation of Jésus-Christ. Paris, n.d. (ca. 1880); pp. 41-42.

Labitte, A. Les manuscrits et l'arte de les orner. . . . Paris, 1893; pp. 213-219.

Weale, W. H. J. Bookbindings and Rubbings of Bindings in the National Art Library South Kensington Museum. Vol. 1. London, 1898; p. lxvii.

Leroquais, V. Les lives d'heures manuscrits de la Bibliothéques nationale. Paris, 1927; pp. 53-54.

De Ricci, Seymour, and W. J. Wilson. Census of Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts in the United States and Canada. Vol. 1. New York: H. W. Wilson Company, 1935; p. 787, cat. no. 190.

Bynvack, A. W. "Kroniek der noord-Nederlandsche miniaturen, III." Oudheikundig Jaarboek 4 (1940); p. 32, Figs. 1, 2.

Leroqauis, V. Supplément aux lives d'heures manuscrits de la Bibliothéques nationale: Acquisitions récentes et donation Smith Lesouëf. Macon, 1943; 8-9.

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Principal cataloger: Randall, Lilian M.C.

Catalogers: Herbert, Lynley; Herbold, Rebekah; Valle, Chiara

Editor: Herbert, Lynley

Copy editor: Wallace, Susan

Conservators: Owen, Linda; Quandt, Abigail

Contributors: Emery, Doug; Herbert, Lynley; Herbold, Rebekah; Izer, Emily; Noel, William; Schuele, Allyson; Tabritha, Ariel; Toth, Michael B.; Wiegand, Kimber

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